An Ambivalent European Identity: Muslim Europeans as an example.Putting European Muslims identity in context, it is quite lucid that Muslimsidentity in Europe was subjected to changes. Any change in the dominant discourse about Islam is likely to generate a new structure and framework for shaping the identity. Muslims in Europe are no longer in control of these processes, and the discourse about Islam is imposed upon them. The centuries of confrontation between Muslims and Europe are deeply rooted in the modern European perception of Islam. What the Europeans claim to know about Islam is to a large extent the product of a vision constructed upon centuries.
The Questions of Identity, Hybridity and Colonialism In Morocco.Colonialism has affected the people who were colonized economically, socially, politically, culturally. As a result of colonization, colonizing nations implemented their own culture within their colonies, the colonial authority requires that it has an essence that is natural and not allowed to be distorted or disturbed. Thus, the colonizer legitimizes his rules of recognition and his rejection of the native's culture. He claims that his culture would not be productive much as the mule if it is mixed or mingled with an eccentric culture. Within this fusion, the concept of hybridity emerges....
Europe and Europeanization: Between Secularization and ChristianityWords like 'Lord' 'God', 'Christian Patrimony', and 'Christian Club' in the European constitution project appeared to put European secularism in doubt despite the continuous talk about the commitment to secularism. This idea has been reinforced by claims and declarations of personalities and European parties about accepting turkey's joining the European Union as a threat to the idea of Europe as a 'Christian Club'.
The dialectics of Christianity and secularism appear in the very daily practices of political and social institutions in a competitive yet complex manner.
Arab Fundementalisms: Towards a Double CriticismDuring the beginning of the 20th century, the Arabs knew an active intellectual, political and artistic vibrancy that gave signs of a new enlightened future. This vibrancy was associated with the spirit of enlightenment, liberalization and civilization and was presented by the intellectual elites of this era as the alternative to the protracted dark ages. Regrettably , this process did not last long as the military coup d'Etats, the leftist and religious fundementalists will drastically transform the conditions and invent new political and ideological elites.
